Chitoliro Chachitsulo Chosapanga Dzimbiri Chopanda Kutentha cha ASTM Chopanda Kutentha 431 631 Wopanga ndi Wogulitsa

Chitoliro cha Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzimbiri cha ASTM Chosatentha Kwambiri 431 631

Chitoliro Chachitsulo Chosapanga Dzimbiri Cholimba cha ASTM Chosatentha Kwambiri 431 631 Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzimbiri Chithunzi Chowonetsedwa

Kufotokozera Kwachidule:

Mapaipi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri amapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chokhala ndi chromium ≥10.5% (monga magiredi akuluakulu 304 ndi 316L). Ali ndi mphamvu zambiri (mphamvu yokoka ≥515MPa), kukana dzimbiri bwino (filimu yoteteza pamwamba imalimbana ndi dzimbiri la asidi/mchere) komanso chitetezo chaukhondo (kumaliza pamwamba pa chakudya Ra≤0.8μm). Amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoziziritsira zozizira kapena zolumikizira mapaipi ambiri ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mapaipi a mankhwala (316L osagwira asidi), nyumba zomangira (304 ma keel a makoma a nsalu), zida zachipatala (mapaipi oyeretsera olondola) ndi zida zamagetsi (mapaipi otumizira kutentha otsika kwambiri a LNG). Ndiwo zipangizo zofunika kwambiri pakupanga zinthu zapamwamba.

Kuyendera:SGS, TUV, BV, Kuyang'anira Mafakitale

Muyezo:AISI,ASTM,DIN,JIS,BS,NB

Nambala ya Chitsanzo:309 ,310,310S,316,347,431,631, etc.

Utumiki Wokonza:Kupinda, Kuwotcherera, Kukongoletsa, Kubowola, Kudula, Kuumba

Chigawo cha Gawo:Zozungulira / Zapakati / Zozungulira

Kumaliza Pamwamba:BA/2B/NO.1/NO.3/NO.4/8K/HL/2D/1D

Nthawi yoperekera:Masiku 3-15 (malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa tani yeniyeni)

Zambiri za Doko:Doko la Tianjin, Doko la Shanghai, Doko la Qingdao, ndi zina zotero.

Tumizani imelo kwa ife WhatsApp Imelo

Tsatanetsatane wa Zamalonda

Ma tag a Zamalonda

Tsatanetsatane wa Zamalonda

Dzina la Chinthu	Chitoliro chozungulira chosapanga dzimbiri
Muyezo	ASTM AISI DIN, EN, GB, JIS
Kalasi yachitsulo	Mndandanda wa 200: 201,202
	Mndandanda wa 300: 301,304,304L,316,316L,316Ti,317L,321,309s,310s
	Mndandanda wa 400: 409L,410,410s,420j1,420j2,430,444,441,436
	Chitsulo cha Duplex: 904L, 2205, 2507, 2101, 2520, 2304
M'mimba mwake wakunja	6-2500mm (monga momwe zimafunikira)
Kukhuthala	0.3mm-150mm (monga momwe zimafunikira)
Utali	2000mm/2500mm/3000mm/6000mm/12000mm (monga momwe zimafunikira)
Njira	Wopanda msoko
pamwamba	Nambala 1 2B BA 6K 8K Galasi Nambala 4 HL
Kulekerera	± 1%
Migwirizano ya Mtengo	FOB, CFR, CIF

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kwambiri

Mapaipi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malo anayi akuluakulu chifukwa cha kukana dzimbiri, mphamvu zake zambiri komanso ukhondo:

Malo ovuta a mafakitale - mapaipi a mankhwala (mapaipi a 316L osagwira asidi), zida zamagetsi (mapaipi otumizira kutentha kochepa kwambiri a LNG, mapaipi ophikira magetsi a Super304H okwera mphamvu);

Zomangamanga ndi njira zopezera moyo wa anthu - nyumba zomangira (304 curtain wall keel wind pressure resistance ≥ 2.5kPa), mapaipi oyeretsera madzi a nyumba yonse, mapaipi oyeretsera chakudya;

Kupanga kwapamwamba kwambiri - mapaipi a BA oyera kwambiri a semiconductor (kuchuluka kwa okosijeni ≤ 10ppm), mapaipi olondola a endoscope azachipatala (kulondola ± 0.05mm);

Magawo otuluka - machubu atsopano a batire ya galimoto yamphamvu (ferrite yamphamvu kwambiri ya 430), mapaipi osungira mphamvu ya hydrogen ndi mayendedwe a chitsulo cha duplex (kukana kwa hydrogen embrittlement resistance 2507).
Kugwira ntchito kwake kumakhudza mikhalidwe yoopsa yogwirira ntchito kuyambira -196℃ mpaka 900℃, kukhala "mitsempha yamagazi yamafakitale" yothandizira dongosolo lamakono la mafakitale. (Chitsime cha deta: ISSF 2025 lipoti la mafakitale).

Zindikirani:
1. Zitsanzo zaulere, chitsimikizo cha khalidwe la 100% pambuyo pa malonda, Thandizani njira iliyonse yolipira;
2. Mafotokozedwe ena onse a mapaipi ozungulira a carbon steel alipo malinga ndi zomwe mukufuna (OEM & ODM)! Mtengo wa fakitale mudzalandira kuchokera ku ROYAL GROUP.

Zitsulo Zosapanga Chitsulo Zopangira Mankhwala

Kuphatikizika kwa Mankhwala %
Giredi	C	Si	Mn	P	S	Ni	Cr	Mo
201	≤0 .15	≤0 .75	5. 5-7. 5	≤0.06	≤ 0.03	3.5 -5.5	16 .0 -18.0	-
202	≤0 .15	≤l.0	7.5-10.0	≤0.06	≤ 0.03	4.0-6.0	17.0-19.0	-
301	≤0 .15	≤l.0	≤2.0	≤0.045	≤ 0.03	6.0-8.0	16.0-18.0	-
302	≤0 .15	≤1.0	≤2.0	≤0.035	≤ 0.03	8.0-10.0	17.0-19.0	-
304	≤0 .0.08	≤1.0	≤2.0	≤0.045	≤ 0.03	8.0-10.5	18.0-20.0	-
304L	≤0.03	≤1.0	≤2.0	≤0.035	≤ 0.03	9.0-13.0	18.0-20.0	-
309S	≤0.08	≤1.0	≤2.0	≤0.045	≤ 0.03	12.0-15.0	22.0-24.0	-
310S	≤0.08	≤1.5	≤2.0	≤0.035	≤ 0.03	19.0-22.0	24.0-26.0
316	≤0.08	≤1.0	≤2.0	≤0.045	≤ 0.03	10.0-14.0	16.0-18.0	2.0-3.0
316L	≤0 .03	≤1.0	≤2.0	≤0.045	≤ 0.03	12.0 - 15.0	16 .0 -1 8.0	2.0 -3.0
321	≤ 0 .08	≤1.0	≤2.0	≤0.035	≤ 0.03	9.0 - 13.0	17.0 -1 9.0	-
630	≤ 0 .07	≤1.0	≤1.0	≤0.035	≤ 0.03	3.0-5.0	15.5-17.5	-
631	≤0.09	≤1.0	≤1.0	≤0.030	≤0.035	6.50-7.75	16.0-18.0	-
904L	≤ 2 .0	≤0.045	≤1.0	≤0.035	-	23.0·28.0	19.0-23.0	4.0-5.0
2205	≤0.03	≤1.0	≤2.0	≤0.030	≤0.02	4.5-6.5	22.0-23.0	3.0-3.5
2507	≤0.03	≤0.8	≤1.2	≤0.035	≤0.02	6.0-8.0	24.0-26.0	3.0-5.0
2520	≤0.08	≤1.5	≤2.0	≤0.045	≤ 0.03	0.19 -0. 22	0. 24 -0 . 26	-
410	≤0.15	≤1.0	≤1.0	≤0.035	≤ 0.03	-	11.5-13.5	-
430	≤0.1 2	≤0.75	≤1.0	≤ 0.040	≤ 0.03	≤0.60	16.0 -18.0

Zosapanga dzimbiri SChitoliro chachitsulo Snkhope Finish

Kudzera mu njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira zinthu monga kuzizira komanso kukonzanso pamwamba pambuyo pozigubuduza, kumalizidwa kwa pamwamba pa mapaipi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kumatha kukhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Kukonza pamwamba pa chitoliro chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kuli ndi NO.1, 2B, No. 4, HL, No. 6, No. 8, BA, TR hard, Rerolled bright 2H, kupukuta bright ndi zina zomaliza pamwamba, ndi zina zotero.

NO.1: Malo a Nambala 1 amatanthauza malo omwe amapezeka potentha ndi kupopera chitoliro chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri atapopera ndi kutentha. Ndi kuchotsa sikelo ya oxide wakuda yomwe imapangidwa panthawi yopopera ndi kutentha pogwiritsa ntchito pickling kapena njira zina zofananira. Iyi ndi malo a Nambala 1 opopera. Malo a Nambala 1 ndi oyera ngati siliva komanso osalala. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'mafakitale osatentha komanso osatentha omwe safuna kuwala kwa pamwamba, monga makampani opanga mowa, makampani opanga mankhwala ndi ziwiya zazikulu.

2B: Pamwamba pa 2B ndi wosiyana ndi pamwamba pa 2D chifukwa umasalala ndi chozungulira chosalala, kotero ndi wowala kuposa pamwamba pa 2D. Kuuma kwa pamwamba pa Ra komwe kumayesedwa ndi chipangizochi ndi 0.1 ~ 0.5μm, komwe ndi mtundu wodziwika kwambiri wopangira zinthu. Mtundu uwu wa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi wogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, woyenera ntchito zambiri, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale a mankhwala, mapepala, mafuta, zamankhwala ndi ena, ndipo ungagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati khoma la nsalu yomangira nyumba.

Kumaliza Kolimba kwa TR: Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha TR chimatchedwanso chitsulo cholimba. Magiredi ake achitsulo oyimira ndi 304 ndi 301, amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zomwe zimafuna mphamvu zambiri komanso kuuma, monga magalimoto a sitima, malamba otumizira, masipiringi ndi ma gasket. Mfundo yake ndikugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe olimba a chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic kuti chiwonjezere mphamvu ndi kuuma kwa mbale yachitsulo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zozizira monga kugwedezeka. Zipangizo zolimba zimagwiritsa ntchito peresenti yochepa mpaka makumi angapo peresenti ya kugwedezeka kofatsa kuti zilowe m'malo mwa kusalala pang'ono kwa malo oyambira a 2B, ndipo palibe kugwedezeka komwe kumachitika mutazunguliza. Chifukwa chake, pamwamba pa TR pa chinthu cholimba ndi pamwamba pozunguliza kozizira.

Kupindikanso Kowala 2H: Pambuyo poyipinda, chitoliro chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chidzakonzedwa chopindika chowala. Chitolirocho chikhoza kuziziritsidwa mwachangu ndi chingwe chopindika chokhazikika. Liwiro loyenda la chitoliro chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri pamzerewu ndi pafupifupi 60m ~ 80m/min. Pambuyo pa sitepe iyi, kutha kwa pamwamba kudzakhala kopindikanso 2H kowala.

Nambala 4: Pamwamba pa Nambala 4 ndi malo opukutidwa bwino omwe ndi owala kuposa pamwamba pa Nambala 3. Amapezedwanso popukuta chitoliro chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chozizira chokhala ndi malo a 2 D kapena 2 B ngati maziko ndikupukuta ndi lamba wokhuthala wokhala ndi kukula kwa 150-180# Malo opangidwa ndi makina. Kukhwima kwa pamwamba Mtengo wa Ra womwe umayesedwa ndi chipangizocho ndi 0.2 ~ 1.5μm. Malo a NO.4 amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malesitilanti ndi zida zakukhitchini, zida zamankhwala, zokongoletsera zomangamanga, zotengera, ndi zina zotero.

HL: Malo otsetsereka a HL nthawi zambiri amatchedwa kuti mzere wa tsitsi. Muyezo wa JIS waku Japan umanena kuti lamba wothira tsitsi wa 150-240# umagwiritsidwa ntchito kupukuta malo otsetsereka ngati mzere wa tsitsi omwe apezeka. Mu muyezo wa GB3280 waku China, malamulowo ndi osamveka bwino. Kutsirizika kwa malo otsetsereka a HL kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pokongoletsa nyumba monga ma elevator, ma escalator, ndi ma facade.

Nambala 6: Pamwamba pa Nambala 6 pamachokera pa pamwamba pa Nambala 4 ndipo pamakhalanso kupukutidwa ndi burashi ya Tampico kapena zinthu zokwawa zokhala ndi kukula kwa tinthu ta W63 tomwe tafotokozedwa ndi muyezo wa GB2477. Pamwamba pa izi pali kunyezimira kwachitsulo komanso magwiridwe antchito ofewa. Kuwunikirako ndi kofooka ndipo sikuwonetsa chithunzicho. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake abwino, ndi koyenera kwambiri popanga makoma a nsalu zomangira ndi zokongoletsera zamkati mwa nyumba, komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati ziwiya za kukhitchini.

BA: BA ndi malo omwe amapezeka potentha kwambiri pambuyo pozizira. Kutentha kwambiri kumapangidwa pansi pa mlengalenga woteteza womwe umatsimikizira kuti pamwamba pake sipasungunuka kuti pakhale kuwala kwa pamwamba pake, kenako gwiritsani ntchito chozungulira chosalala bwino kuti kuwala kukhale bwino. Malo awa ali pafupi ndi galasi, ndipo kuuma kwa pamwamba komwe kumayesedwa ndi chipangizocho ndi 0.05-0.1μm. Malo a BA ali ndi ntchito zambiri ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati ziwiya zakukhitchini, zida zapakhomo, zida zamankhwala, zida zamagalimoto ndi zokongoletsera.

Nambala 8: Nambala 8 ndi malo omalizidwa ndi galasi okhala ndi kuwala kwambiri popanda tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayatsa. Makampani opanga zinthu zosapanga dzimbiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri amatchanso mbale za 8K. Nthawi zambiri, zinthu za BA zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopangira zomalizira magalasi pongopera ndi kupukuta. Pambuyo pomaliza magalasi, pamwamba pake pamakhala paluso, kotero imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pokongoletsa khomo lolowera komanso mkati mwa nyumba.

Ndondomeko yaPkukonzedwa

Njira yaikulu yopangira: chitsulo chozungulira → kuyang'ananso → kupukuta → kubisa → pakati → kutentha → kuboola → kupukuta → mutu wathyathyathya → kuyang'anira ndi kupukuta → kupukuta kozizira (kujambula kozizira) → kuchotsa mafuta → kutentha → kuwongola → kudula mapaipi (kokhazikika kutalika) ) → kupukuta/kusuntha → kuyang'anira zinthu zomalizidwa (eddy current, ultrasonic, kuthamanga kwa madzi) → kulongedza ndi kusunga.

1. Kudula zitsulo zozungulira: Mukalandira chitsulo chozungulira kuchokera ku nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zopangira, werengani kutalika kwa kudula kwa chitsulo chozungulira malinga ndi zofunikira za ndondomekoyi, ndikujambula mzere pa chitsulo chozungulira. Zitsulo zimayikidwa motsatira magiredi achitsulo, manambala a kutentha, manambala a batch opanga ndi zofunikira, ndipo malekezero amasiyanitsidwa ndi utoto wamitundu yosiyanasiyana.

2. Kuyika pakati: Mukayika pakati pa makina obowola, choyamba pezani malo apakati pa chitsulo chozungulira, tulutsani dzenje la chitsanzo, kenako likhazikitseni molunjika patebulo la makina obowola kuti liyike pakati. Mipiringidzo yozungulira ikayikidwa pakati imayikidwa motsatira mtundu wa chitsulo, nambala ya kutentha, zofunikira ndi nambala ya batch yopangira.

3. Kuchotsa: kuchotsa kumachitika pambuyo poyang'ana zinthu zomwe zikubwera. Kuchotsa kumaphatikizapo kuchotsa lathe ndi kudula kwa mphepo yamkuntho. Kuchotsa lathe kumachitika pa lathe pogwiritsa ntchito njira yokonza ya clamp imodzi ndi pamwamba imodzi, ndipo kudula kwa mphepo yamkuntho ndiko kupachika chitsulo chozungulira pa chipangizo cha makina. Chitani kuzungulira.

4. Kuyang'anira pamwamba: Kuyang'anira ubwino wa chitsulo chozungulira chomwe chasendedwa kumachitika, ndipo zolakwika zomwe zilipo pamwamba zimalembedwa, ndipo ogwira ntchito yopera adzazipera mpaka zitakwanira. Mipiringidzo yozungulira yomwe yadutsa mayesowo imaunikidwa padera malinga ndi mtundu wa chitsulo, nambala ya kutentha, zofunikira ndi nambala ya batch yopangira.

5. Kutenthetsa kwachitsulo chozungulira: Zipangizo zotenthetsera zachitsulo chozungulira zimaphatikizapo ng'anjo ya moto yoyendetsedwa ndi gasi ndi ng'anjo ya bokosi yoyendetsedwa ndi gasi. Ng'anjo ya mtima yoyendetsedwa ndi gasi imagwiritsidwa ntchito potenthetsera m'magulu akuluakulu, ndipo ng'anjo ya bokosi yoyendetsedwa ndi gasi imagwiritsidwa ntchito potenthetsera m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Mukalowa mu ng'anjo, mipiringidzo yozungulira yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yachitsulo, manambala a kutentha ndi zofunikira zimalekanitsidwa ndi filimu yakale yakunja. Mipiringidzo yozungulira ikatenthedwa, otembenuza amagwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera kuti azungulire mipiringidzo kuti atsimikizire kuti mipiringidzo yozungulira imatenthedwa mofanana.

6. Kuboola kotentha: gwiritsani ntchito chipangizo choboola ndi compressor ya mpweya. Malinga ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa pa chitsulo chozungulira choboola, mbale zoyendetsera zoyenera ndi mapulagi a molybdenum amasankhidwa, ndipo chitsulo chozungulira chotenthedwa chimaboola ndi choboola, ndipo mapaipi otayira zinyalala omwe amaboola amalowetsedwa mu dziwe mwachisawawa kuti azizire mokwanira.

7. Kuyang'anira ndi kupukusa: Onetsetsani kuti pamwamba ndi panja pa chitoliro cha zinyalala ndi zosalala komanso zosalala, ndipo pasakhale khungu la maluwa, ming'alu, malo olumikizirana, mabowo akuya, zizindikiro zazikulu za ulusi, chitsulo cha nsanja, fritters, Baotou ndi mitu ya sickle. Zolakwika pamwamba pa chitoliro cha zinyalala zitha kuchotsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yopukusa yapafupi. Mapaipi a zinyalala omwe apambana kuwunikako kapena omwe apambana kuwunikako atakonza ndi kupukusa ndi zolakwika zazing'ono ayenera kulumikizidwa ndi ma bundler a workshop malinga ndi zofunikira, ndikuyikidwa motsatira mtundu wachitsulo, nambala ya uvuni, kufotokozera ndi nambala ya batch yopangira chitoliro cha zinyalala.

8. Kuwongola: Mapaipi otayira omwe akubwera mu malo obowola mabowo amadzazidwa m'mitolo. Mawonekedwe a chitoliro chotayira chomwe chikubweracho ndi opindika ndipo amafunika kuwongola. Zipangizo zowongola ndi makina owongola olunjika, makina owongola opingasa ndi makina osindikizira otayira ozungulira (ogwiritsidwa ntchito powongola chitoliro chachitsulo chikakhala ndi kupindika kwakukulu). Pofuna kupewa kuti chitoliro chachitsulo chisadumphe panthawi yowongola, chikwama cha nayiloni chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa chitoliro chachitsulo.

9. Kudula mapaipi: Malinga ndi dongosolo lopangira, chitoliro chowongoka chimayenera kudulidwa mutu ndi mchira, ndipo zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makina odulira mawilo opukutira.

10. Kusakaniza: Chitoliro chachitsulo chowongoka chiyenera kusakaniza kuti chichotse oxide scale ndi zinyalala pamwamba pa chitoliro cha zinyalala. Chitoliro chachitsulo chimasakaniza mu malo osungiramo zinthu zothira, ndipo chitoliro chachitsulo chimakwezedwa pang'onopang'ono mu thanki yosakaniza kuti chisakaniza chigwiritsidwe ntchito poyendetsa.

11. Kupera, kuyang'ana endoscopy ndi kupukuta mkati: mapaipi achitsulo omwe ali oyenerera kupopera amalowa mu njira yopera yakunja, mapaipi achitsulo opukutidwa amayesedwa ndi endoscopy, ndipo zinthu kapena njira zosayenerera zomwe zili ndi zofunikira zapadera ziyenera kupukutidwa mkati.

12. Njira yozungulira yozizira/njira yojambula yozizira

Kuzungulira kozizira: Chitoliro chachitsulo chimazunguliridwa ndi mipukutu ya mphero yozizira, ndipo kukula ndi kutalika kwa chitoliro chachitsulocho zimasinthidwa ndi kusintha kosalekeza kwa kuzizira.

Chojambula chozizira: Chitoliro chachitsulo chimayaka ndi kuchepetsedwa khoma ndi makina ojambulira ozizira popanda kutentha kuti asinthe kukula ndi kutalika kwa chitoliro chachitsulo. Chitoliro chachitsulo chokokedwa ndi ozizira chili ndi kulondola kwakukulu komanso mawonekedwe abwino pamwamba. Choyipa chake ndichakuti kupsinjika kotsalako ndi kwakukulu, ndipo mapaipi okokedwa ozizira okhala ndi mainchesi akulu amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri, ndipo liwiro lopanga chinthu chomalizidwa ndi lochedwa. Njira yeniyeni yojambulira ozizira imaphatikizapo:

① Mutu wowotcherera wa mutu: Musanayambe kujambula kozizira, mbali imodzi ya chitoliro chachitsulo iyenera kuyikidwa mutu (chitoliro chachitsulo chaching'ono) kapena mutu wowotcherera (chitoliro chachitsulo chachikulu) kuti mukonzekere ntchito yojambula, ndipo chitoliro chachitsulo chapadera chochepa chiyenera kutenthedwa kenako kuyikidwa mutu.

② Kupaka mafuta ndi kuphika: Chitoliro chachitsulo chisanakokedwe mozizira pambuyo pa mutu (mutu wowotcherera), dzenje lamkati ndi pamwamba pa chitoliro chachitsulo ziyenera kupakidwa mafuta, ndipo chitoliro chachitsulo chopakidwa mafuta chiyenera kuumitsidwa chisanakokedwe mozizira.

③ Chojambula chozizira: Chitoliro chachitsulo mafuta akauma chimalowa mu njira yojambula yozizira, ndipo zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pojambula ozizira ndi makina ojambula ozizira a unyolo ndi makina ojambula ozizira a hydraulic.

13. Kuchotsa mafuta: Cholinga chochotsera mafuta ndikuchotsa mafuta ozungulira omwe ali pakhoma lamkati ndi lakunja la chitoliro chachitsulo mutachipukuta ndi kutsuka, kuti asaipitse pamwamba pa chitsulocho panthawi yopopera ndikuletsa kuwonjezeka kwa mpweya.

14. Kuchiza ndi kutentha: Kuchiza ndi kutentha kumabwezeretsa mawonekedwe a chinthucho kudzera mu recrystallization ndikuchepetsa kukana kwa kusintha kwa chitsulocho. Zipangizo zochizira kutentha ndi ng'anjo yochizira kutentha pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya gasi wachilengedwe.

15. Kusonkhanitsa zinthu zomalizidwa: Mapaipi achitsulo akadulidwa amakonzedwa kuti azitha kusungunuka pamwamba, kuti filimu yoteteza okosijeni ipangidwe pamwamba pa mapaipi achitsulo ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito abwino a mapaipi achitsulo.

16. Kuyang'anira zinthu zomalizidwa: Njira yayikulu yowunikira ndi kuyesa zinthu zomalizidwa ndi kuyang'anira mita → eddy probe → super probe → kuthamanga kwa madzi → kuthamanga kwa mpweya. Kuyang'anira pamwamba makamaka ndi kuyang'ana pamanja ngati pali zolakwika pamwamba pa chitoliro chachitsulo, ngati kutalika kwa chitoliro chachitsulo ndi kukula kwa khoma lakunja kuli koyenera; kuzindikira kwa eddy kumagwiritsa ntchito makamaka chowunikira zolakwika za eddy kuti chiwone ngati pali mipata mu chitoliro chachitsulo; kuzindikira kwakukulu kumagwiritsa ntchito chowunikira zolakwika cha ultrasonic kuti chiwone ngati chitoliro chachitsulo chasweka mkati kapena kunja; kuthamanga kwa madzi, kuthamanga kwa mpweya ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makina a hydraulic ndi makina othamanga mpweya kuti azindikire ngati chitoliro chachitsulo chikutulutsa madzi kapena mpweya, kuti atsimikizire kuti chitoliro chachitsulo chili bwino.

17. Kulongedza ndi Kusungiramo Zinthu: Mapaipi achitsulo omwe adutsa mayeso amalowa m'malo olongedza zinthu zomalizidwa kuti apangidwe. Zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polongedza zinthu zikuphatikizapo zipewa za mabowo, matumba apulasitiki, nsalu ya chikopa cha njoka, matabwa amatabwa, malamba achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, ndi zina zotero. Mbali yakunja ya mbali zonse ziwiri za chitoliro chachitsulo chokulungidwa imakutidwa ndi matabwa ang'onoang'ono amatabwa, ndipo mbali yakunja imamangidwa ndi malamba achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kuti apewe kukhudzana pakati pa mapaipi achitsulo panthawi yonyamula ndikupangitsa kuti zigundane. Mapaipi achitsulo opakidwa amalowa m'malo olongedza zinthu zomalizidwa.