Mapaipi achitsulo akuluakulu (nthawi zambiri amatanthauza mapaipi achitsulo okhala ndi mainchesi akunja ≥114mm, okhala ndi ≥200mm omwe amatanthauzidwa kuti ndi akulu nthawi zina, kutengera miyezo yamakampani) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malo ofunikira "mayendedwe akuluakulu," "chithandizo cha kapangidwe kake cholemera," ndi "mikhalidwe yopanikizika kwambiri" chifukwa cha mphamvu yawo yonyamula kupanikizika kwakukulu, mphamvu yothamanga kwambiri, komanso kukana mwamphamvu kugwedezeka.
Mphamvu ndiye malo ofunikira kwambiri ogwiritsira ntchito mapaipi achitsulo akuluakulu. Zofunikira zazikulu zimaphatikizapo kuthamanga kwambiri, mtunda wautali, komanso kukana dzimbiri. Mapaipi awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula zinthu zofunika kwambiri monga mafuta, gasi wachilengedwe, malasha, ndi magetsi.
1. Kuyendera Mafuta ndi Gasi: "Mtsempha wa mtsempha" wa mapaipi akutali
Ntchito: Mapaipi a mafuta ndi gasi ochokera m'madera osiyanasiyana (monga West-East Gas Pipeline ndi China-Russia East Natural Gas Pipeline), mapaipi osonkhanitsira ndi kunyamula mkati mwa minda yamafuta, ndi mapaipi amafuta/gasi a malo opangira mafuta ndi gasi m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Mitundu ya Mapaipi a Chitsulo: Makamaka chitoliro chozungulira chozungulira chozungulira (LSAW) ndi chitoliro cholunjika chozungulira chozungulira chozungulira (SSAW), chokhala ndi chitoliro chopanda msoko chachitsulo (monga magiredi a API 5L X80/X90) chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo ena opanikizika kwambiri.
Zofunikira Zazikulu: Kupirira kupsinjika kwakukulu kwa 10-15 MPa (mizere ya gasi wachilengedwe), kukana dzimbiri la nthaka (mapaipi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja), ndi kukana dzimbiri la madzi a m'nyanja (mapaipi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja). Utali wa paipi imodzi ukhoza kufika mamita 12-18 kuti muchepetse malo olumikizirana ndi kusungunula ndikuchepetsa zoopsa zotayikira. Zitsanzo zodziwika bwino: Paipi Yachilengedwe ya Gasi Yachilengedwe ya China-Russia East Line (paipi yayikulu kwambiri yoyenda mtunda wautali ku China, yokhala ndi zigawo zina zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito mapaipi achitsulo a 1422mm m'mimba mwake), ndi paipi yamafuta ya Saudi-UAE yodutsa malire (mapaipi achitsulo a 1200mm ndi akulu).
2. Makampani Opanga Mphamvu: "Njira yamagetsi" ya malo opangira magetsi otentha/nyukiliya
Mu gawo la mphamvu ya kutentha, mapaipi awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu "mapaipi akuluakulu anayi" (mapaipi akuluakulu a nthunzi, mapaipi otenthetsera nthunzi, mapaipi akuluakulu a madzi operekera madzi, ndi mapaipi otulutsira madzi otenthetsera okwera) kuti anyamule nthunzi yotentha kwambiri, yothamanga kwambiri (kutentha kwa 300-600°C ndi kupsinjika kwa 10-30 MPa).
Mu gawo la mphamvu za nyukiliya, mapaipi achitsulo oteteza zilumba za nyukiliya (monga mapaipi oziziritsira a reactor) amafunika kukana kwambiri kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi kukana kugwedezeka. Mapaipi osapanga dzimbiri a Austenitic (monga ASME SA312 TP316LN) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Chithandizo Chatsopano cha Mphamvu: "Mapaipi a Collector Line" (oteteza zingwe zamphamvu kwambiri) pa maziko a mphamvu ya photovoltaic/wind, ndi mapaipi otumizira hydrogen akutali (mapulojekiti ena oyesera amagwiritsa ntchito mapaipi achitsulo a 300-800mm Φ osagonjetsedwa ndi dzimbiri).
Zofunikira m'maboma zimayang'ana kwambiri pa "kuyenda bwino kwa madzi, kusakonza bwino, komanso kusinthasintha malinga ndi malo okhala pansi pa nthaka/pamtunda." Cholinga chachikulu ndikuwonetsetsa kuti anthu okhala m'mizinda akupeza madzi ndi ngalande komanso momwe machitidwe amizinda amagwirira ntchito.
1. Uinjiniya wa Kupereka Madzi ndi Kutulutsa Madzi: Mapaipi Oyendetsera Madzi/Kutulutsa Madzi m'mizinda
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Madzi: "Mapaipi amadzi osaphika" ochokera ku magwero a madzi akumatauni (malo osungira madzi, mitsinje) kupita ku zomera zamadzi, ndi "mapaipi amadzi a boma" ochokera ku zomera zamadzi kupita ku madera akumatauni, amafuna kunyamula madzi apampopi oyenda bwino (monga mapaipi achitsulo a 600-2000mm Φ).
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Matabwa Otayira Madzi: "Mapaipi a matabwa a madzi amvula" a mumzinda (othandizira kutayira madzi mwachangu chifukwa cha kusefukira kwa madzi komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mvula yamphamvu) ndi "mapaipi a matabwa a zinyalala" (othandizira kunyamula madzi otayira m'nyumba/mafakitale kupita ku malo oyeretsera zinyalala). Ena amagwiritsa ntchito mapaipi achitsulo osagwira dzimbiri (monga mapaipi achitsulo opakidwa pulasitiki ndi mapaipi achitsulo okhala ndi simenti).
Ubwino: Poyerekeza ndi mapaipi a konkriti, mapaipi achitsulo ndi opepuka, osasunthika ku dothi (ogwirizana ndi nthaka yovuta ya m'matauni), ndipo amapereka kutseka bwino kwa malo olumikizirana (kuletsa kutuluka kwa zinyalala ndi kuipitsidwa kwa nthaka).
2. Malo Osungira Madzi: Kusamutsa Madzi Pakati pa Mabeseni ndi Kuletsa Kusefukira kwa Madzi
Ntchito: Mapulojekiti otumizira madzi pakati pa mabeseni (monga "Yellow River Tunnel Pipeline" ya njira yapakati ya South-to-North Water Diversion Project), mapaipi ochotsera madzi ndi mapaipi otulutsira madzi m'mabotolo/malo opangira magetsi, ndi mapaipi ochotsera madzi m'mabotolo kuti athetse kusefukira kwa madzi m'mizinda komanso kukhetsa madzi.
Zofunikira Zachizolowezi: Kupirira kugwedezeka kwa madzi (kuthamanga kwa madzi kwa 2-5 m/s), kupirira kupsinjika kwa madzi (mapaipi ena akuya ayenera kupirira kupsinjika kwa mutu kopitirira 10 m), ndi mainchesi opitirira 3000 mm (monga, chitoliro chosinthira chitsulo cha 3200 mm pa siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi).
Gawo la mafakitale lili ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana, zomwe cholinga chake chachikulu ndi "kusintha momwe zinthu zilili zovuta komanso kukwaniritsa zofunikira zoyendera za atolankhani ena," kuphatikizapo mafakitale monga zitsulo, mankhwala, ndi makina.
1. Makampani Ogulitsa Zitsulo/Zitsulo: Kuyendera Zinthu Zotentha Kwambiri
Kugwiritsa Ntchito: "Mapaipi a gasi ophulika a ng'anjo" a mafakitale a zitsulo (onyamula mpweya wotentha kwambiri, 200-400°C), "mapaipi opangira zitsulo ndi madzi ozizira opitilira" (kuzizira kwa ma billets achitsulo), ndi "mapaipi otayira matope" (onyamula matope achitsulo).
Zofunikira pa mapaipi achitsulo: Kukana kutentha kwambiri kwa okosijeni (pa mapaipi a gasi) ndi kukana kukalamba (pa matope okhala ndi tinthu tolimba, mapaipi achitsulo osakalamba amafunika). Ma diameter nthawi zambiri amakhala pakati pa 200 ndi 1000 mm.
2. Makampani Ogulitsa Mankhwala/Mafuta: Kuyendetsa Zinthu Zowononga
Kugwiritsa Ntchito: Mapaipi opangira zinthu zopangira zinthu m'mafakitale opanga mankhwala (monga ma acid ndi alkali solutions, organic solvents), mapaipi opangira zinthu zopangira zinthu zopangira zinthu m'mafakitale opanga mafuta (mafuta ndi gasi otentha kwambiri, opanikizika kwambiri), ndi mapaipi otulutsira zinthu m'matangi (mapaipi otulutsira zinthu okhala ndi mainchesi akuluakulu a matanki akuluakulu osungiramo zinthu).
Mitundu ya Mapaipi a Chitsulo: Mapaipi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri (monga chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha 316L) ndi mapaipi achitsulo okhala ndi pulasitiki kapena rabara (pazinthu zowononga kwambiri) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Mapaipi ena amphamvu kwambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri a 150-500mm.
3. Makina Olemera: Chithandizo cha Kapangidwe ndi Machitidwe a Hydraulic
Kugwiritsa Ntchito: Migolo ya masilinda a hydraulic mu makina omanga (ofukula ndi ma cranes) (zida zina zazikulu zimagwiritsa ntchito mapaipi achitsulo osapindika a 100-300mm), mapaipi achitsulo othandizira bedi mu zida zazikulu zamakina, ndi mapaipi oteteza makwerero/zingwe mkati (150-300mm) m'nsanja za turbine yamphepo ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Mu mapulojekiti akuluakulu omanga nyumba monga milatho, ngalande, ndi ma eyapoti, mapaipi achitsulo akuluakulu samangokhala "mapaipi otumizira" komanso "zida zomangira" zomwe zimanyamula katundu kapena kupereka chitetezo.
1. Uinjiniya wa Mlatho: Chitsulo Chodzazidwa ndi Sitima Yopangidwa ndi Konkire, Milatho ya Arch/Mizati ya Pier
Kugwiritsa Ntchito: "Nthiti zazikulu za arch" za milatho yayitali ya arch (monga Chongqing Chaotianmen Yangtze River Bridge, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito nthiti za arch zachitsulo zodzaza ndi konkriti za 1200-1600mm Φ zodzazidwa ndi konkriti, kuphatikiza mphamvu yokoka ya machubu achitsulo ndi mphamvu yokoka ya konkriti), ndi "manja oteteza" a arch (kuteteza arch ku kukokoloka kwa madzi).
Ubwino: Poyerekeza ndi konkriti yolimbikitsidwa yachikhalidwe, nyumba zachitsulo zodzazidwa ndi konkriti ndi zopepuka, zosavuta kumanga (zitha kukonzedwa kale m'mafakitale ndikuziyika pamalopo), ndipo zimakhala ndi nthawi yayitali (mpaka mamita 500 kapena kuposerapo).
2. Ma Tunnel ndi Mayendedwe a Sitima: Mpweya wokwanira ndi Chitetezo cha Zingwe
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ngalande: "Mapaipi Opumira Mpweya" (a mpweya wabwino, mainchesi 800-1500mm) m'ngalande zazikulu/njanji, ndi "Mapaipi Operekera Madzi Otentha" (a madzi oyenda bwino ngati moto wa ngalande).
Mayendedwe a Sitima: "Mapaipi Oteteza Zingwe Pansi pa Dziko" (oteteza zingwe zamphamvu kwambiri, zina zopangidwa ndi chitoliro chachitsulo chophimbidwa ndi pulasitiki cha 200-400mm) m'misewu yapansi panthaka/makina a sitima zapamtunda, ndi "Ma Catenary Column Casings" (mizati yachitsulo yothandizira gridi yamagetsi).
3. Mabwalo a Ndege/Madoko: Mapaipi Ogwiritsidwa Ntchito Yapadera
Mabwalo a Ndege: "Mapaipi Othira Madzi a Mvula" (aakulu 600-1200mm m'mimba mwake) a mayendedwe a ndege kuti apewe kusonkhana kwa madzi a mayendedwe a ndege ndi kuwononga malo onyamukira ndi kutera, ndi "Mapaipi Akuluakulu a Madzi Oziziritsa Omwe Ali ndi Mpweya Woziziritsa" (a mayendedwe a madzi ozizira oyenda kwambiri kuti azitha kuwongolera kutentha) m'nyumba zosungiramo katundu.
Madoko: "Mapaipi Osamutsira Mafuta" (olumikiza matanki ndi matanki osungiramo zinthu, onyamula mafuta osakonzedwa/mafuta oyeretsedwa, mainchesi 300-800mm) pamalo oimikapo magalimoto, ndi "Mapaipi Onyamula Katundu Ambiri" (onyamula katundu wambiri monga malasha ndi miyala).
Makampani Ankhondo: "Mapaipi Oziziritsira Madzi a M'nyanja" a Sitima ya Nkhondo (osalimbana ndi dzimbiri la Madzi a M'nyanja), "Mizere ya Hydraulic" ya thanki (mapaipi osasunthika a m'mimba mwake akuluakulu), ndi "mapaipi othandizira zitsulo."
Kufufuza za Geological: "Zitsime" za m'madzi akuya (kuteteza khoma la chitsime ndikuletsa kugwa, ena amagwiritsa ntchito mapaipi achitsulo osapindika a Φ300-500mm), kutulutsa mpweya wa shale "mapaipi opingasa" (popereka madzi ophwanyika mwamphamvu).
Kuthirira kwa Ulimi: Mapaipi akuluakulu othirira madzi m'minda (monga mapaipi othirira madzi odontha/othirira m'chigawo chakumpoto chakumadzulo chouma, okhala ndi mainchesi a Φ200-600mm).
GULU LA MFUMU
Adilesi
Malo oyendetsera chitukuko cha Kangsheng,
Chigawo cha Wuqing, mzinda wa Tianjin, China.
Maola
Lolemba-Lamlungu: Utumiki wa maola 24
Nthawi yotumizira: Sep-19-2025