Mu ntchito za mapaipi a mafakitale ndi zomangamanga,mapaipi achitsulo opanda msokoali ndi udindo waukulu chifukwa cha ubwino wawo wapadera. Kusiyana kwawo ndi mapaipi olumikizidwa ndi makhalidwe awo enieni ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri posankha chitoliro choyenera.
Mapaipi achitsulo chopanda msoko amapereka ubwino waukulu kuposa mapaipi olumikizidwa. Mapaipi olumikizidwa amapangidwa polumikiza mbale zachitsulo pamodzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mipata yolumikizirana. Izi zimachepetsa kukana kwawo kupanikizika ndipo zimatha kuyambitsa kutuluka kwa madzi pansi pa kutentha kwambiri komanso kuthamanga kwambiri chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kupsinjika pamipata. Mapaipi achitsulo chopanda msoko, kumbali ina, amapangidwa kudzera mu njira imodzi yopangira mipiringidzo, kuchotsa mipata iliyonse. Amatha kupirira kupsinjika kwakukulu ndi kutentha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akhale odalirika kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito monga mayendedwe amafuta ndi gasi ndi ma boiler opanikizika kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, mapaipi achitsulo chopanda msoko amapereka kufanana kwakukulu kwa makulidwe a khoma, kuchotsa kusiyana kwa makulidwe a khoma komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuwotcherera, kukonza kukhazikika kwa kapangidwe kake, komanso kupereka kukana dzimbiri. Nthawi zambiri ntchito yawo imakhala yayitali kuposa 30% kuposa mapaipi olumikizidwa.
Njira yopangira mapaipi achitsulo chosasunthika ndi yovuta komanso yovuta, makamaka yokhudza kupondaponda kotentha ndi kukoka kozizira. Njira yopondaponda yotentha imatenthetsa billet yachitsulo cholimba kufika pafupifupi 1200°C, kenako imaipinda kudzera mu mphero yoboola ndikuilowetsa mu chubu chopanda kanthu. Chubucho chimadutsa mu mphero yokulirapo kuti chisinthe kukula kwake ndi mphero yochepetsera kuti chiwongolere makulidwe a khoma. Pomaliza, chimazizira, kuwongoka, ndi kuzindikira zolakwika. Njira yoponda yozizira imagwiritsa ntchito chubu chopondaponda chotentha ngati zopangira. Pambuyo pochotsa oxide muyeso, imakokedwa kukhala mawonekedwe pogwiritsa ntchito mphero yokoka yozizira. Kupondaponda kumafunikira kuti kuthetse kupsinjika kwamkati, kutsatiridwa ndi kumaliza ndikuyang'aniridwa. Mwa njira ziwirizi, machubu opondaponda otentha ndi oyenera ma diameter akuluakulu ndi makoma okhuthala, pomwe machubu okoka ozizira ndi abwino kwambiri pama diameter ang'onoang'ono komanso kugwiritsa ntchito molondola kwambiri.
Mapaipi achitsulo chopanda msoko ali ndi magiredi ofanana a m'dziko muno komanso akunja kuti akwaniritse zosowa zosiyanasiyana.
Zipangizo zapakhomo makamaka ndi chitsulo cha carbon ndi chitsulo cha alloy:
Chitsulo cha 20#, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi kaboni, chimapereka pulasitiki wabwino kwambiri komanso chosavuta kuchikonza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri m'mapaipi wamba.
Chitsulo cha 45# chimapereka mphamvu zambiri ndipo chimayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zamakina. Pakati pa mapaipi achitsulo cha alloy, chitsulo cha 15CrMo chimapirira kutentha kwambiri komanso kuyandama, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chikhale chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa ma boiler amagetsi.
Chitoliro chopanda banga cha 304 chosapanga dzimbiri, chifukwa cha kukana dzimbiri bwino, chimakondedwa kwambiri m'makampani opanga mankhwala ndi zakudya.
Zipangizo zodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri:
Malinga ndi muyezo wa US ASTM,Chitoliro chopanda msoko cha chitsulo cha mpweya cha A106-BNdi njira yodziwika bwino yoyendera mafuta ndi gasi wachilengedwe. Mphamvu yake yolimba imafika 415-550 MPa ndipo imatha kupirira kutentha kuyambira -29°C mpaka 454°C.
Chitoliro cha aloyi cha A335-P91, chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake ka aloyi ya chromium-molybdenum-vanadium, chimapereka mphamvu yabwino kwambiri kutentha kwambiri komanso kukana okosijeni, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri poika ma boilers amagetsi amphamvu kwambiri.
Malinga ndi muyezo wa ku Ulaya wa EN, chitsulo cha kaboni cha P235GH chochokera mu mndandanda wa EN 10216-2 ndi choyenera ma boilers apakati ndi otsika komanso zotengera zopanikizika.
Chitoliro cha P92 chopangidwa ndi aloyi chimaposa P91 pa mphamvu yopirira kutentha kwambiri ndipo ndicho chisankho chomwe chimakondedwa kwambiri pa ntchito zazikulu zamagetsi otenthetsera. Chitoliro cha kaboni cha JIS-standard STPG370 chimapereka ndalama zambiri ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mapaipi ambiri amafakitale.
Chitoliro chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha SUS316L, yochokera pa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha 304, imawonjezera molybdenum kuti iwonjezere kukana kwake ku chloride ion corrosion, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa uinjiniya wa m'nyanja komanso mayendedwe a mankhwala a acid ndi alkali.
Ponena za kukula kwake, mapaipi achitsulo opanda msoko amakhala ndi mainchesi akunja kuyambira 10mm mpaka 630mm, ndipo makulidwe a khoma kuyambira 1mm mpaka 70mm.
Mu uinjiniya wamakono, mainchesi akunja a 15mm mpaka 108mm ndi makulidwe a khoma a 2mm mpaka 10mm amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Mwachitsanzo, mapaipi okhala ndi mainchesi akunja a 25mm ndi makulidwe a khoma a 3mm nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makina a hydraulic, pomwe mapaipi okhala ndi mainchesi akunja a 89mm ndi makulidwe a khoma a 6mm ndi oyenera kunyamula zinthu zamagetsi.
Choyamba, tsimikizirani chitsimikizo cha zinthuzo kuti muwonetsetse kuti kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndi mawonekedwe a makina akukwaniritsa zofunikira pa kapangidwe kake. Mwachitsanzo, mphamvu ya chitsulo cha 20# iyenera kukhala yosachepera 245 MPa, ndipo mphamvu ya ASTM A106-B iyenera kukhala ≥240 MPa.
Chachiwiri, yang'anani mawonekedwe ake. Pamwamba pake payenera kukhala popanda zolakwika monga ming'alu ndi mapindidwe, ndipo kusiyana kwa makulidwe a khoma kuyenera kulamulidwa mkati mwa ± 10%.
Kuphatikiza apo, sankhani zinthu zomwe zili ndi njira zoyenera komanso zipangizo kutengera momwe ntchitoyo ikuyendera. Mapaipi otenthedwa ndi kutentha monga A335-P91 ndi abwino kwambiri pa malo opanikizika kwambiri, pomwe mapaipi okokedwa ozizira ndi omwe amalimbikitsidwa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito molondola. Mapaipi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri a SUS316L amalimbikitsidwa pa malo okhala ndi dzimbiri kapena okhala ndi dzimbiri kwambiri.
Pomaliza, pemphani wogulitsayo kuti apereke lipoti lozindikira zolakwika, loyang'ana kwambiri kuzindikira zolakwika zamkati kuti apewe mavuto omwe angakhudze chitetezo cha polojekiti.
Izi zikumaliza kukambirana kwa nkhaniyi. Ngati mukufuna kudziwa zambiri zokhudza mapaipi achitsulo osapindika, chonde titumizireni uthenga kudzera m'njira zotsatirazi ndipo gulu lathu la akatswiri ogulitsa lidzasangalala kukuthandizani.
GULU LA MFUMU
Adilesi
Malo oyendetsera chitukuko cha Kangsheng,
Chigawo cha Wuqing, mzinda wa Tianjin, China.
Maola
Lolemba-Lamlungu: Utumiki wa maola 24
Nthawi yotumizira: Sep-04-2025