Kapangidwe ka Zitsulo Chitsulo Chitsulo Nyumba Yosungiramo Zinthu Zachitsulo Yokonzedweratu
Chitsulo chomangira nyumba ndi mtundu wanyumba zomangira zitsulozinthu zokhala ndi mawonekedwe ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala kuti zigwirizane ndi zofunikira za polojekitiyi.
Kutengera ndi zofunikira za polojekiti iliyonse, chitsulo chomangira chimabwera m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kukula, ndi zofunikira. Zina zimakulungidwa ndi kutentha kapena kuzizira, pomwe zina zimalungidwa kuchokera ku mbale zathyathyathya kapena zopindika. Mawonekedwe wamba achitsulo chomangira ndi monga I-beams, chitsulo chothamanga kwambiri, njira, ma angles, ndi mbale.
Miyezo Yapadziko Lonse yaKapangidwe ka Chitsulo cha Chitsulo
GB 50017 (China): Muyezo wa dziko la China womwe umakhudza kapangidwe kake, tsatanetsatane, kulimba, ndi zofunikira zachitetezo.
AISC (US): Buku lotsogolera lodziwika bwino kwambiri ku North America, lomwe limafotokoza zofunikira pa katundu, kapangidwe ka kapangidwe kake, ndi maulumikizidwe ake.
BS 5950 (UK): Imayang'ana kwambiri pakulinganiza chitetezo, ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito, komanso magwiridwe antchito abwino.
EN 1993 - Eurocode 3 (EU): Chimango cha ku Ulaya cha kapangidwe kogwirizana ka nyumba zachitsulo.
| Muyezo | Muyezo Wadziko Lonse | Muyezo wa ku America | Muyezo wa ku Ulaya | |
| Chiyambi | Ndi miyezo ya dziko (GB) ngati maziko, yowonjezeredwa ndi malamulo amakampani, ikugogomezera kuwongolera kwathunthu kwa kapangidwe, kapangidwe ndi kuvomereza | Poganizira kwambiri miyezo ya zinthu za ASTM ndi kapangidwe ka AISC, timayang'ana kwambiri kuphatikiza satifiketi yodziyimira payokha pamsika ndi miyezo yamakampani. | Miyezo ya EN (miyezo ya ku Europe) | |
| Miyezo Yaikulu | Miyezo ya kapangidwe | GB 50017-2017 | AISC (AISC 360-16) | EN 1993 |
| Miyezo ya zinthu | GB/T 700-2006,GB/T 1591-2018 | ASTM Internationala | Mndandanda wa EN 10025 wopangidwa ndi CEN | |
| Miyezo yomanga ndi kuvomereza | GB 50205-2020 | AWS D1.1 | Mndandanda wa EN 1011 | |
| Miyezo yokhudzana ndi makampani | Mwachitsanzo, JT/T 722-2023 pankhani ya milatho, JGJ 99-2015 pankhani yomanga | |||
| Zikalata Zofunikira | Ziyeneretso zaukadaulo waukadaulo wa zomangamanga zachitsulo (kalasi yapadera, giredi yoyamba, giredi yachiwiri, giredi yachitatu) | Chitsimikizo cha AISC | Chizindikiro cha CE, Chitsimikizo cha DIN cha ku Germany, Chitsimikizo cha UK CARES | |
| Chitsimikizo cha China Classification Society (CCS), chitsimikizo cha bizinesi yopangira kapangidwe ka zitsulo | Satifiketi ya FRA | |||
| Malipoti oyesa zinthu zamakina, mtundu wa weld, ndi zina zotero. operekedwa ndi bungwe loyesa la chipani chachitatu | ASME | |||
| Mafotokozedwe: | |
| Chitsulo Chachikulu | Chitsulo cha gawo la H ndi mizati, chopakidwa utoto kapena chokongoletsedwa, chitoliro cha gawo la C kapena chachitsulo chokongoletsedwa, ndi zina zotero. |
| Chimango Chachiwiri | Chophimba cha C-purlin chotentha choviikidwa m'madzi, chotetezera chachitsulo, chotchingira tayi, chotetezera bondo, chivundikiro cha m'mphepete, ndi zina zotero. |
| Denga la Denga | Gulu la masangweji la EPS, gulu la masangweji la fiberglass, gulu la masangweji la Rockwool, ndi sangweji ya PU mbale yachitsulo kapena ya panel, ndi zina zotero. |
| Khoma la Wall | gulu la masangweji kapena pepala lachitsulo lopangidwa ndi corrugated, ndi zina zotero. |
| Ndodo Yomangira | chubu chachitsulo chozungulira |
| Chingwe cholimba | bala lozungulira |
| Chilimbikitso cha bondo | chitsulo cha ngodya |
| Zojambula ndi Ndemanga: | |
| (1) Kapangidwe kosinthidwa kalandiridwa. | |
| (2) Kuti tikupatseni mtengo ndi zojambula zenizeni, chonde tidziwitseni kutalika, m'lifupi, kutalika kwa denga, ndi nyengo yakomweko. adzakupatsani mtengo mwachangu. | |
Kapangidwe ka ZitsuloMagawo
Magawo omwe alipo akufotokozedwa mu miyezo yofalitsidwa padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo magawo apadera, apadera amapezekanso.
Miyendo ya I(magawo akuluakulu a "I"—ku UK, izi zikuphatikizapo mipiringidzo yonse (UB) ndi mizati yonse (UC); ku Europe, izi zikuphatikizapo IPE, HE, HL, HD, ndi magawo ena; ku US, izi zikuphatikizapo zigawo zazikulu (zokhala ndi mawonekedwe a W kapena W) ndi zokhala ndi mawonekedwe a H)
Z-matayala(zozungulira theka la flanges)
HSS(magawo a kapangidwe ka dzenje, omwe amadziwikanso kuti SHS (magawo a structural hollow), kuphatikizapo magawo a sikweya, amakona anayi, ozungulira (tubular), ndi oval)
Ma angles(Zigawo zooneka ngati L)
Njira zomangira, magawo ofanana ndi C, kapena magawo a "C"
T-tinthu(Zigawo zooneka ngati T)
Malo ogulitsira mowa, zomwe zili ndi mbali zinayi koma sizili zazikulu mokwanira kuti ziwoneke ngati mbale.
Ndodo, zomwe ndi zigawo zozungulira kapena za sikweya zokhala ndi kutalika kofanana ndi m'lifupi mwake.
Mbale, zomwe ndi zokhuthala kuposa chitsulo cha pepala cha 6 mm kapena 1⁄4 inchi.
Nyumba zachitsulo zimagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo ngati gawo lalikulu lonyamula katundu. Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana chifukwa cha zabwino zake monga mphamvu yayikulu, kulemera kopepuka, kapangidwe kachangu, komanso kukana bwino zivomerezi. Magwiritsidwe ake akuluakulu ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito ndi awa:
Uinjiniya Womanga
1. Nyumba Zamakampani - Mafakitale: monga makina opangira zinthu, zitsulo, ndi zomera za mankhwala
2. Malo Osungiramo Zinthu: Malo akuluakulu osungiramo zinthu ndi malo osungiramo zinthu (monga malo osungiramo zinthu okhala ndi malo okwera kwambiri komanso malo osungiramo zinthu ozizira);
3. Nyumba Zachikhalidwe - Nyumba Zazitali: Mafelemu akuluakulu a nyumba zazitali kwambiri (monga nyumba zazitali);
Nyumba za Anthu Onse: Mabwalo amasewera, malo owonetsera zisudzo, malo owonetsera zisudzo, malo okwerera ndege, ndi zina zotero.
3. Nyumba Zogona: Nyumba zokhalamo zopangidwa ndi zitsulo
Zomangamanga za Mayendedwe
1. Uinjiniya wa Mlatho - Milatho yayitali - Milatho ya sitima/msewu waukulu
2. Mayendedwe a Sitima ndi Masiteshoni - Masiteshoni a sitima othamanga kwambiri, malo ochitira masiteshoni a sitima yapansi panthaka - Magalimoto oyendera sitima
Uinjiniya Wapadera ndi Zipangizo
1. Uinjiniya wa Zam'madzi - Mapulatifomu a Kunja kwa Nyanja: Kapangidwe kake ka mapulatifomu obowolera mafuta (monga majekete ndi madesiki a mapulatifomu);
Kumanga zombo
2. Makina Okwezera ndi Kumanga - Ma Crane - Magalimoto Apadera
3. Zipangizo Zazikulu ndi Makontena - Matanki osungiramo zinthu zamafakitale - Mafelemu a zida zamakanika
Zochitika Zina Zapadera
1. Nyumba zakanthawi: nyumba zothandizira anthu pakagwa masoka, malo owonetsera zinthu zakanthawi, nyumba zomwe zakonzedwa kale, ndi zina zotero.
2. Chipilala chagalasi chothandizira masitolo akuluakulu
3. Uinjiniya wa mphamvu: nsanja za ma turbine a mphepo (zopangidwa ndi mbale zachitsulo zolimba kwambiri) ndi mapanelo a dzuwa.
Njira Yodula
1. Kukonzekera Koyambirira
Kuyang'anira Zinthu
Kutanthauzira Zojambula
2. Kusankha Njira Yoyenera Yodulira
Kudula Lawi: Yoyenera chitsulo cholimba komanso chitsulo chopanda aloyi wambiri, yoyenera kwambiri popanga zinthu zosasunthika.
Kudula Madzi: Yoyenera zipangizo zosiyanasiyana, makamaka chitsulo chomwe chimakhudzidwa ndi kutentha kapena zinthu zina zapadera zolondola kwambiri.
Kukonza Zowotcherera
Njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito kutentha, kupanikizika, kapena zonse ziwiri (nthawi zina ndi zinthu zodzaza) kuti ikwaniritse mgwirizano wa atomiki pa malo olumikizirana a zigawo za kapangidwe ka chitsulo, motero kupanga kapangidwe kolimba komanso kogwirizana. Iyi ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yolumikizira zigawo popanga kapangidwe ka chitsulo ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'nyumba, milatho, makina, zombo, ndi zina, zomwe zimatsimikiza mwachindunji mphamvu, kukhazikika, ndi chitetezo cha zomangamanga zachitsulo.
Kutengera ndi zojambula za zomangamanga kapena lipoti loyenerera njira zowotcherera (PQR), fotokozani momveka bwino mtundu wa cholumikizira cha weld, kukula kwa groove, kukula kwa weld, malo owotcherera, ndi mtundu wa khalidwe.
Kukonza Kubowola
Njirayi imaphatikizapo kupanga mabowo mwamakina kapena mwakuthupi m'zigawo zachitsulo zomwe zimakwaniritsa zofunikira pa kapangidwe kake. Mabowo amenewa amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka polumikiza zigawo, kuyendetsa mapaipi, ndi kukhazikitsa zowonjezera. Ndi njira yofunika kwambiri popanga kapangidwe ka zitsulo kuti zitsimikizire kulondola kwa kusonkhana kwa zigawo ndi kulimba kwa malumikizano.
Kutengera ndi zojambula za kapangidwe kake, tchulani malo a dzenje (miyeso yogwirizana), chiwerengero, m'mimba mwake, mulingo wolondola (monga, ±1mm kulekerera mabowo wamba a bolt, ±0.5mm kulekerera mabowo amphamvu a bolt), ndi mtundu wa dzenje (lozungulira, lozungulira, ndi zina zotero). Gwiritsani ntchito chida cholembera (monga tepi yoyezera yachitsulo, cholembera, sikweya, kapena choponyera chitsanzo) kuti mulembe malo a dzenje pamwamba pa gawolo. Gwiritsani ntchito choponyera chitsanzo kuti mupange malo opezera mabowo ofunikira kuti muwonetsetse malo olondola obowolera.
Pali njira zosiyanasiyana zochizira pamwamba zomwe zikupezekanyumba yomanga zitsulo, zomwe zimathandiza kuti zisamavutike ndi dzimbiri komanso kuti zisawonongeke, komanso kuti zisamawoneke bwino.
Kukongoletsandi chisankho chapamwamba kwambiri chifukwa cha kukana dzimbiri kwake.
Kuphimba ufaimapereka mitundu yowala komanso kukana kwamphamvu kwa nyengo.
Chophimba cha epoxyimapereka kukana dzimbiri bwino ndipo ndi yoyenera m'malo ovuta.
Chophimba chokhala ndi zinki zambiriimapereka chitetezo chogwira ntchito chamagetsi chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zinc.
Kujambulaimapereka kusinthasintha komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama moyenera, kukwaniritsa zosowa zosiyanasiyana zokongoletsa.
Chophimba chamafuta chakudandi njira yotsika mtengo yogwiritsira ntchito njira zosavuta zotetezera dzimbiri.
Gulu lathu la akatswiri odziwa bwino ntchito yomanga nyumba ndi akatswiri aukadaulo lili ndi luso lalikulu pa ntchito komanso malingaliro apamwamba opanga zinthu, komanso kumvetsetsa bwino momwe zinthu zimagwirira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito zitsulo komanso miyezo yamakampani.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu aukadaulo opanga zinthu mongaAutoCADndiKapangidwe ka Tekla, timapanga dongosolo lonse lopanga zinthu zowoneka bwino, kuyambira pa mitundu ya 3D mpaka mapulani a uinjiniya wa 2D, zomwe zikuyimira molondola miyeso ya zigawo, makonzedwe olumikizirana, ndi mapangidwe a malo. Ntchito zathu zimakhudza moyo wonse wa polojekitiyi, kuyambira pa kapangidwe koyambirira mpaka zojambula zatsatanetsatane zomangira, kuyambira kukonza bwino malumikizano mpaka kutsimikizira kapangidwe kake konse. Timawongolera mosamala tsatanetsatane ndi kulondola kwa mulingo wa millimeter, kuonetsetsa kuti zonse ndi zaukadaulo komanso zomangira bwino.
Nthawi zonse timayang'ana kwambiri makasitomala. Kudzera mu kuyerekeza kwathunthu kwa mapulani ndi kuyerekezera magwiridwe antchito a makina, timasintha njira zopangira mapulani zotsika mtengo kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana (zomera zamafakitale, malo ogulitsira, milatho ndi misewu yamatabwa, ndi zina zotero). Pamene tikuonetsetsa kuti chitetezo cha kapangidwe ka nyumba, timachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu ndikuwongolera njira yomanga. Timapereka ntchito zotsatirira zonse, kuyambira kutumiza mpaka kufotokozera zaukadaulo pamalopo. Ukatswiri wathu umatsimikizira kuti ntchito iliyonse yomanga chitsulo ikuchitika bwino, zomwe zimatipangitsa kukhala odalirika komanso ogwirizana nawo popanga.
Njira yopangira zinthu zachitsulo iyenera kutsimikiziridwa kutengera zinthu monga mtundu wa chinthu, kukula kwake, mtunda woyendera, malo osungiramo zinthu, ndi chitetezo chofunikira. Cholinga chake ndikupewa kusinthika, dzimbiri, ndi kuwonongeka panthawi yonyamula ndi kusungira.
Njira zodziwika bwino zopangira ma CD a kapangidwe ka chitsulo ndi izi:
1. Kupaka Zinthu Zopanda Chingwe (Zosapakidwa)
Ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa: Zigawo zazikulu ndi zolemera zachitsulo (monga mizati yachitsulo, matabwa, ndi mipiringidzo yayikulu).
Zinthu Zake: Palibe zinthu zina zowonjezera zomwe zimafunika, zomwe zimathandiza kuti katundu ndi katundu zinyamulidwe mwachindunji pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zonyamulira. Komabe, zinthuzo ziyenera kutetezedwa bwino panthawi yonyamula kuti zisagwedezeke kapena kugundana.
Chitetezo Chowonjezera: Zolumikizira za zigawo (monga mabowo a mabowo ndi malo olumikizira) zitha kutetezedwa ndi zophimba kwakanthawi kapena zokutira zapulasitiki kuti zisalowerere ndi kuwonongeka.
2. Ma phukusi ophatikizidwa
Ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa: Zitsulo zazing'ono mpaka zapakati, zooneka ngati zokhazikika (monga chitsulo cha ngodya, chitsulo cha njira, mapaipi achitsulo, ndi mbale zazing'ono zolumikizira) zambiri.
Dziwani: Chomangiracho chiyenera kukhala cholimba bwino. Chomangiracho chikasunthika kwambiri chingayambitse kusuntha kwa zigawo, pomwe chomangiracho chikasunthika kwambiri chingayambitse kusintha kwa zinthu.
3. Bokosi la Matabwa/Mafelemu a Matabwa
Zochitika Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito: Zigawo zazing'ono zachitsulo zolondola (monga zigawo zachitsulo m'zigawo zamakanika ndi zolumikizira zolondola kwambiri), zigawo zosalimba (monga zigawo zazing'ono monga mabolts ndi mtedza), kapena zigawo zachitsulo zomwe zimafuna kunyamulidwa kapena kutumizidwa kunja kwa dziko kutali.
Ubwino: Chitetezo chabwino kwambiri, choteteza bwino ku zinthu zachilengedwe, choyenera kunyamulidwa ndi kusungidwa kutali m'malo ovuta.
4. Ma phukusi Apadera Oteteza
Kuteteza Kudzimbiri: Pazitsulo zomwe zidzasungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali kapena kunyamulidwa m'malo onyowa, kuwonjezera pa njira zomwe tatchulazi, mankhwala oletsa dzimbiri amafunika.
Kuteteza Kusinthika kwa Zinthu: Pazitsulo zoonda komanso zopyapyala (monga matabwa achitsulo opyapyala ndi zitsulo zopyapyala), zinthu zina zothandizira (monga mabulaketi amatabwa kapena achitsulo) ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa panthawi yolongedza kuti zisapindike ndi kusinthika chifukwa cha katundu wosagwirizana panthawi yonyamula ndi kusungira.
Mayendedwe:Kutumiza mwachangu (Kutumiza zitsanzo), Ndege, Sitima, Dziko, Sitima, Kutumiza panyanja (FCL kapena LCL kapena Bulk)
Kuyambira nthawi yomwe malonda anu aperekedwa, gulu lathu la akatswiri lidzapereka chithandizo chokwanira panthawi yonse yokhazikitsa, kupereka chithandizo chapadera. Kaya kukonza mapulani okhazikitsa pamalopo, kupereka malangizo aukadaulo pazochitika zazikulu, kapena kugwirizana ndi gulu lomanga, timayesetsa kuonetsetsa kuti njira yokhazikitsa ikuyenda bwino komanso molondola, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti kapangidwe kanu kachitsulo kali kotetezeka komanso kotetezeka.
Pa nthawi yogulitsa pambuyo pa ntchito yopanga, timapereka malangizo okonza zinthu mogwirizana ndi mawonekedwe a chinthucho ndikuyankha mafunso okhudza chisamaliro cha zinthu ndi kulimba kwa kapangidwe kake.
Ngati mukukumana ndi mavuto aliwonse okhudzana ndi malonda mukamagwiritsa ntchito, gulu lathu logulitsa pambuyo pogulitsa lidzayankha mwachangu, kupereka ukatswiri waukadaulo komanso malingaliro abwino kuti athetse mavuto aliwonse.
Q: Kodi opanga a UA ndi otani?
A: Inde, ndife opanga machubu achitsulo ozungulira omwe ali m'mudzi wa Daqiuzhuang, mumzinda wa Tianjin, China.
Q: Kodi ndingapeze oda yoyesera matani angapo okha?
A: Inde. Tikhoza kukutumizirani katundu ndi ntchito ya LCL. (Kulemera kwa chidebe chochepa)
Q: Ngati chitsanzo chilibe ufulu?
A: Chitsanzo chilibe kanthu, koma wogula amalipira katunduyo.
Q: Kodi ndinu ogulitsa golide ndipo mumagulitsa chitsimikizo?
A: Ife tapereka golide kwa zaka 13 ndipo timavomereza chitsimikizo cha malonda.











