Chitsulo Chomangira Chitsulo Cha Mafakitale / Malonda Kapangidwe Kachitsulo Kopepuka Kapangidwe Kachitsulo Kakang'ono ...nyumba Kakang'ono
Chitsulo chomangidwandi mtundu wapadera wa chinthu chachitsulo chopangidwa molingana ndi miyeso, mawonekedwe, ndi mankhwala enaake kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito popanga nyumba. Kutengera ndi zofunikira za polojekiti, chitsulo chomangira chimapezeka m'mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, kukula, ndi magiredi. Zina zimagubuduzidwa ndi kutentha kapena kuzizira, pomwe zina zimalumikizidwa kuchokera ku mbale zathyathyathya kapena zopindika. Ma profiles achitsulo omangira omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi monga I-beams, hollow section steel, channel steel, angle steel, ndi mbale.
Miyezo Yapadziko Lonse yaKapangidwe ka Chitsulo cha Chitsulo
GB 50017 (China):Muyezo wa dziko la China, wofotokoza kukula kwa kapangidwe kake, kapangidwe kake mwatsatanetsatane, kulimba kwake, ndi zofunikira pachitetezo.
AISC (USA):North America yavomereza malangizo odalirika okhudza katundu, kapangidwe ka kapangidwe ka nyumba, ndi kulumikizana.
BS 5950 (UK):Kutengera kuganizira mokwanira za chitetezo, ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito, komanso momwe kapangidwe kake kamagwirira ntchito.
EN 1993 - European Code 3 (EU):Muyezo wa ku Europe wa kapangidwe kophatikizana ka nyumba zachitsulo.
| Muyezo | Muyezo Wadziko Lonse | Muyezo wa ku America | Muyezo wa ku Ulaya | |
| Chiyambi | Imakhala ndi mfundo za dziko (miyezo ya GB) ngati maziko, yowonjezeredwa ndi malamulo amakampani, okhudza njira yonse kuphatikizapo kapangidwe, zomangamanga ndi kuvomereza. | Poganizira kwambiri miyezo ya zinthu za ASTM ndi kapangidwe ka AISC, timayang'ana kwambiri kuphatikiza satifiketi yodziyimira payokha pamsika ndi miyezo yamakampani. | Miyezo ya EN (miyezo ya ku Europe) | |
| Miyezo Yaikulu | Miyezo ya kapangidwe | GB 50017-2017 | AISC (AISC 360-16) | EN 1993 |
| Miyezo ya zinthu | GB/T 700-2006,GB/T 1591-2018 | ASTM Internationala | Mndandanda wa EN 10025 wopangidwa ndi CEN | |
| Miyezo yomanga ndi kuvomereza | GB 50205-2020 | AWS D1.1 | Mndandanda wa EN 1011 | |
| Miyezo yokhudzana ndi makampani | Mwachitsanzo: JT/T 722-2023 pa mlatho, JGJ 99-2015 pa nyumba | |||
| Zikalata Zofunikira | Ziyeneretso zaukadaulo waukadaulo wa zomangamanga zachitsulo (kalasi yapadera, kalasi yoyamba, kalasi yachiwiri, kalasi yachitatu) | Chitsimikizo cha AISC | CE Mark, | |
| Chitsimikizo cha DIN cha ku Germany, | ||||
| Chitsimikizo cha UK CARES | ||||
| Chitsimikizo cha China Classification Society (CCS), chitsimikizo cha bizinesi yopangira zinthu zopangidwa ndi chitsulo. | Satifiketi ya FRA | |||
| Malipoti oyesa a zinthu zamakina, mtundu wa weld etc. operekedwa ndi bungwe loyesa la chipani chachitatu. | ASME | |||
Magawo okhazikika amafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane mu miyezo padziko lonse lapansi; kuphatikiza apo, pali magawo okhazikika omwe amapangidwa mwamakonda.
Miyendo ya H / Miyendo ya I(yoimiridwa ndi chilembo chachikulu "I" ku UK: kuphatikiza ma general beams UB ndi ma general columns UC; Europe ili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana monga IPE, HE, HL, HD; US ili ndi WF (W-beams), yomwe imadziwikanso kuti H-beams ndi mitundu ina yambiri)
Z-matayala(zozungulira theka la flanges).
HSS(ma profiles a kapangidwe kake opanda kanthu, omwe amadziwikanso kuti SHS (ma profiles a kapangidwe kake opanda kanthu), monga magawo a sikweya, amakona anayi, ozungulira (tubular), ndi ozungulira)
Chitsulo cha ngodya(Gawo looneka ngati L)
Chitsulo cha Channel, kapena gawo looneka ngati C kapena "C"
T-tinthu(Gawo looneka ngati T)
Mipiringidzo yolimbitsa, yokhala ndi gawo lamakona anayi koma makulidwe osakwanira kuti iikidwe m'gulu la mbale.
Antchito ali ndi magawo ozungulira kapena a sikweya omwe kutalika kwawo ndi kwakukulu kuposa m'lifupi mwawo.
Mapepala achitsulokapena mapepala achitsulo owonda okhala ndi makulidwe opitilira 6 mm kapena 1/4 inchi.
Nyumba zachitsulo zimatchula nyumba zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo ngati gawo lalikulu lonyamula katundu. Chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo zambiri, kulemera kwawo kopepuka, kapangidwe kake kachangu, komanso magwiridwe antchito abwino a zivomerezi, nyumba zachitsulo zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana. Zochitika zazikulu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi madera ake ndi awa:
Kumanga Nyumba
1. Nyumba Zamakampani - Mitundu Ya Mafakitale: mwachitsanzo, mafakitale opangira makina, mafakitale a zitsulo, ndi mankhwala
2. Malo Osungiramo Zinthu: Malo akuluakulu osungiramo zinthu ndi malo osungiramo zinthu (kuphatikizapo malo osungiramo zinthu aatali komanso malo osungiramo zinthu ozizira);
3. Nyumba Zofunika - Zamalonda ndi Nyumba Zogona: Chimango chachikulu cha nyumba zazitali kwambiri (monga nyumba zazitali);
Nyumba za Anthu Onse: mwachitsanzo, mabwalo amasewera, maholo owonetsera zinthu, malo ochitira zisudzo, ndi malo okwerera ndege.
4. Nyumba Zogona: Nyumba zogona zopangidwa ndi zitsulo.
Zomangamanga za Mayendedwe
1. Uinjiniya wa Mlatho - Milatho Yaitali - Milatho ya Sitima/Msewu Waukulu
2. Mayendedwe a Sitima ndi Masiteshoni - Masiteshoni a Sitima Yothamanga Kwambiri, Malo Odikirira Siteshoni ya Metro - Magalimoto Oyendera Sitima
Uinjiniya Wapadera ndi Zipangizo
1. Uinjiniya wa Zam'madzi - Mapulatifomu a Kunja kwa Nyanja: Kapangidwe kake ka mapulatifomu obowolera mafuta (jekete ndi malo oimikapo pulatifomu);
Kumanga zombo
2. Makina Onyamulira ndi Omanga - Ma Crane - Magalimoto Apadera
3. Zipangizo Zazikulu ndi Makontena - Matanki Osungiramo Zinthu Zamakampani - Mafelemu a Zipangizo Zamakina
Zochitika Zina Zapadera Zogwiritsira Ntchito
1. Nyumba Zakanthawi: Nyumba zakanthawi m'malo okhudzidwa ndi ngozi, m'maholo owonetsera zinthu, ndi zina zotero.
2. Thandizo la dome lagalasi la malo akuluakulu ogulitsira zinthu
3. Uinjiniya wa Mphamvu: Nsanja za ma turbine a mphepo (zopangidwa ndi mbale zachitsulo zopindidwa mwamphamvu kwambiri) ndi mapanelo a dzuwa.
Njira Yodula
1. Kukonzekera Koyambirira
Kuyang'anira Zinthu
Kutanthauzira Zojambula
2. Kusankha Njira Yoyenera Yodulira
Kudula Lawi: Yoyenera chitsulo cholimba komanso chitsulo chopanda aloyi ambiri, yoyenera kwambiri popanga zinthu zosasunthika.
Kudula Madzi: Yoyenera zipangizo zosiyanasiyana, makamaka chitsulo chomwe chimakhudzidwa ndi kutentha kapena zinthu zina zapadera zolondola kwambiri.
Kukonza Zowotcherera
Njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito kutentha, kupanikizika, kapena zonse ziwiri (nthawi zina ndi zinthu zodzaza) kuti ikwaniritse mgwirizano wa atomiki pa malo olumikizirana a zigawo za kapangidwe ka chitsulo, motero kupanga kapangidwe kolimba komanso kogwirizana. Iyi ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yolumikizira zigawo popanga kapangidwe ka chitsulo ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'nyumba, milatho, makina, zombo, ndi zina, zomwe zimatsimikiza mwachindunji mphamvu, kukhazikika, ndi chitetezo cha zomangamanga zachitsulo.
Kutengera ndi zojambula za zomangamanga kapena lipoti loyenerera njira zowotcherera (PQR), fotokozani momveka bwino mtundu wa cholumikizira cha weld, kukula kwa groove, kukula kwa weld, malo owotcherera, ndi mtundu wa khalidwe.
Kukonza Kubowola
Njirayi imaphatikizapo kupanga mabowo mwamakina kapena mwakuthupi m'zigawo zachitsulo zomwe zimakwaniritsa zofunikira pa kapangidwe kake. Mabowo amenewa amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka polumikiza zigawo, kuyendetsa mapaipi, ndi kukhazikitsa zowonjezera. Ndi njira yofunika kwambiri popanga kapangidwe ka zitsulo kuti zitsimikizire kulondola kwa kusonkhana kwa zigawo ndi kulimba kwa malumikizano.
Kutengera ndi zojambula za kapangidwe kake, tchulani malo a dzenje (miyeso yogwirizana), chiwerengero, m'mimba mwake, mulingo wolondola (monga, ±1mm kulekerera mabowo wamba a bolt, ±0.5mm kulekerera mabowo amphamvu a bolt), ndi mtundu wa dzenje (lozungulira, lozungulira, ndi zina zotero). Gwiritsani ntchito chida cholembera (monga tepi yoyezera yachitsulo, cholembera, sikweya, kapena choponyera chitsanzo) kuti mulembe malo a dzenje pamwamba pa gawolo. Gwiritsani ntchito choponyera chitsanzo kuti mupange malo opezera mabowo ofunikira kuti muwonetsetse malo olondola obowolera.
Pali njira zosiyanasiyana zochizira pamwamba zomwe zikupezekanyumba yomanga zitsulo, zomwe zimathandiza kuti zisamavutike ndi dzimbiri komanso kuti zisawonongeke, komanso kuti zisamawoneke bwino.
Kukongoletsandi chisankho chapamwamba kwambiri chifukwa cha kukana dzimbiri kwake.
Kuphimba ufaimapereka mitundu yowala komanso kukana kwamphamvu kwa nyengo.
Chophimba cha epoxyimapereka kukana dzimbiri bwino ndipo ndi yoyenera m'malo ovuta.
Chophimba chokhala ndi zinki zambiriimapereka chitetezo chogwira ntchito chamagetsi chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zinc.
Kujambulaimapereka kusinthasintha komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama moyenera, kukwaniritsa zosowa zosiyanasiyana zokongoletsa.
Chophimba chamafuta chakudandi njira yotsika mtengo yogwiritsira ntchito njira zosavuta zotetezera dzimbiri.
Akatswiri athu akuluakulu ndi akatswiri aluso pa zomangamanga komanso akatswiri aukadaulo omwe ali ndi malingaliro atsopano pakupanga zinthu komanso luso lalikulu pa ntchito, omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chapadera cha kapangidwe ka zitsulo ndi miyezo yogwirizana ndi mafakitale.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu aukadaulo opanga zinthu mongaAutoCAD, Kapangidwe ka Tekla, timapanga dongosolo lonse lojambula zithunzi, kuyambira pa zitsanzo za 3D mpaka zojambula za 2D, zomwe zimatsanzira kukula kwa zigawo, mawonekedwe olumikizirana ndi malo. Timapereka ntchito zonse panthawi yopanga polojekiti - kuyambira pakupanga koyambirira mpaka zojambula zatsatanetsatane zomanga, kuyambira kukonza bwino malumikizano mpaka kutsimikizira kapangidwe kake konse. Timagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zamtengo wapatali mpaka mamilimita, ndikusunga bwino pakati pa kuthekera kwaukadaulo ndi zomangamanga.
Nthawi zonse timayang'ana kwambiri makasitomala. Kutengera kufananiza kwa dongosolo lonse ndi kuyerekezera magwiridwe antchito a makina, njira zopangira zomwe zapangidwa mwaluso komanso zotsika mtengo kwambiri zimapereka njira zosiyanasiyana zogwiritsira ntchito (malo opangira mafakitale, malo ogulitsira, milatho ndi misewu yamatabwa, ndi zina zotero). Timachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo, timachepetsa njira yomanga ndikuwonetsetsa kuti nyumbayo ndi yotetezeka. Ntchito zathu ndi zathunthu, kuyambira pakujambula mpaka kuwunikira zaukadaulo pamalopo. Ndife akatswiri popanga ntchito iliyonse yachitsulo kuti ichitike bwino, zomwe zimatipatsa mbiri yabwino, komanso zimatipangitsa kukhala bwenzi lanu lodalirika la kapangidwe kamodzi kokha.
Njira yopangira zinthu zachitsulo iyenera kutsimikiziridwa kutengera zinthu monga mtundu wa chinthu, kukula kwake, mtunda woyendera, malo osungiramo zinthu, ndi chitetezo chofunikira. Cholinga chake ndikupewa kusinthika, dzimbiri, ndi kuwonongeka panthawi yonyamula ndi kusungira.
Njira zodziwika bwino zopangira ma CD a kapangidwe ka chitsulo ndi izi:
1. Kupaka Zinthu Zopanda Chingwe (Zosapakidwa)
Ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa: Zigawo zazikulu ndi zolemera zachitsulo (monga mizati yachitsulo, matabwa, ndi mipiringidzo yayikulu).
Zinthu Zake: Palibe zinthu zina zowonjezera zomwe zimafunika, zomwe zimathandiza kuti katundu ndi katundu zinyamulidwe mwachindunji pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zonyamulira. Komabe, zinthuzo ziyenera kutetezedwa bwino panthawi yonyamula kuti zisagwedezeke kapena kugundana.
Chitetezo Chowonjezera: Zolumikizira za zigawo (monga mabowo a mabowo ndi malo olumikizira) zitha kutetezedwa ndi zophimba kwakanthawi kapena zokutira zapulasitiki kuti zisalowerere ndi kuwonongeka.
2. Ma phukusi ophatikizidwa
Ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa: Zitsulo zazing'ono mpaka zapakati, zooneka ngati zokhazikika (monga chitsulo cha ngodya, chitsulo cha njira, mapaipi achitsulo, ndi mbale zazing'ono zolumikizira) zambiri.
Dziwani: Chomangiracho chiyenera kukhala cholimba bwino. Chomangiracho chikasunthika kwambiri chingayambitse kusuntha kwa zigawo, pomwe chomangiracho chikasunthika kwambiri chingayambitse kusintha kwa zinthu.
3. Bokosi la Matabwa/Mafelemu a Matabwa
Zochitika Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito: Zigawo zazing'ono zachitsulo zolondola (monga zigawo zachitsulo m'zigawo zamakanika ndi zolumikizira zolondola kwambiri), zigawo zosalimba (monga zigawo zazing'ono monga mabolts ndi mtedza), kapena zigawo zachitsulo zomwe zimafuna kunyamulidwa kapena kutumizidwa kunja kwa dziko kutali.
Ubwino: Chitetezo chabwino kwambiri, choteteza bwino ku zinthu zachilengedwe, choyenera kunyamulidwa ndi kusungidwa kutali m'malo ovuta.
4. Ma phukusi Apadera Oteteza
Kuteteza Kudzimbiri: Pazitsulo zomwe zidzasungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali kapena kunyamulidwa m'malo onyowa, kuwonjezera pa njira zomwe tatchulazi, mankhwala oletsa dzimbiri amafunika.
Kuteteza Kusinthika kwa Zinthu: Pazitsulo zoonda komanso zopyapyala (monga matabwa achitsulo opyapyala ndi zitsulo zopyapyala), zinthu zina zothandizira (monga mabulaketi amatabwa kapena achitsulo) ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa panthawi yolongedza kuti zisapindike ndi kusinthika chifukwa cha katundu wosagwirizana panthawi yonyamula ndi kusungira.
Mayendedwe:Kutumiza mwachangu (Kutumiza zitsanzo), Ndege, Sitima, Dziko, Sitima, Kutumiza panyanja (FCL kapena LCL kapena Bulk)
Kuyambira nthawi yomwe malonda anu aperekedwa, gulu lathu la akatswiri lidzapereka chithandizo chokwanira panthawi yonse yokhazikitsa, kupereka chithandizo chapadera. Kaya kukonza mapulani okhazikitsa pamalopo, kupereka malangizo aukadaulo pazochitika zazikulu, kapena kugwirizana ndi gulu lomanga, timayesetsa kuonetsetsa kuti njira yokhazikitsa ikuyenda bwino komanso molondola, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti kapangidwe kanu kachitsulo kali kotetezeka komanso kotetezeka.
Pa nthawi yogulitsa pambuyo pa ntchito yopanga, timapereka malangizo okonza zinthu mogwirizana ndi mawonekedwe a chinthucho ndikuyankha mafunso okhudza chisamaliro cha zinthu ndi kulimba kwa kapangidwe kake.
Ngati mukukumana ndi mavuto aliwonse okhudzana ndi malonda mukamagwiritsa ntchito, gulu lathu logulitsa pambuyo pogulitsa lidzayankha mwachangu, kupereka ukatswiri waukadaulo komanso malingaliro abwino kuti athetse mavuto aliwonse.
Q: Kodi opanga a UA ndi otani?
A: Inde, ndife opanga machubu achitsulo ozungulira mumzinda wa Tianjin, China.
Q: Kodi ndingapeze oda yoyesera matani angapo okha?
A: Inde. Tikhoza kukutumizirani katundu ndi ntchito ya LCL. (Kulemera kwa chidebe chochepa)
Q: Ngati chitsanzo chilibe ufulu?
A: Chitsanzo chilibe kanthu, koma wogula amalipira katunduyo.
Q: Kodi ndinu ogulitsa golide ndipo mumagulitsa chitsimikizo?
A: Ife tapereka golide kwa zaka 13 ndipo timavomereza chitsimikizo cha malonda.













